How is conflict portrayed in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Essay Example For Students

How is struggle depicted in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet? Paper Shakespeares depiction of contention is apparent in an assortment of ways. The crowds impression of the enthusiastic and physical clash depends on the language of the characters, character activities and the differentiating scenes mirroring the differentiating clashes. Good, enthusiastic, strict, social and private power struggle are completely communicated and investigated through the play. How fruitful has Shakespeare been in examination these types of contention for impact on the crowd? Romeo and Juliet is an awful show that comprises of a few components of satire, sentiment and disaster. The play was composed by William Shakespeare supposedly between the years 1591 and 1596 and was first imprinted in 1597. The story was at that point entrenched in the Elizabethan period and was acquainted with the English crowd by the artist Arthur Brooks from his adjustment of Pyramus and Thisbe. A few subtleties and parts of Shakespeares play have been straightforwardly joined from Brooks sonnet and such appointment of different stories and utilization of existing material is normal for Shakespeare. The portrayal and the consistent utilization of differentiating pictures of chaos, love, profound respect and associations with society, religion and family would speak to the crowd through its utilization of unfortunate ruin, human obliteration and connection of humankind to deplorable activity. The general population or social foundations that either expressly or verifiably contradict the presence of their affection remember families and the arrangement of familial force for the dad, law and want for open request, religion and the social significance submitted on the manly request. These cultural foundations give a deterrent to Romeo and Juliet and consolidate to make a significant clash for the couple. There are a few shows joined into Shakespeares plays, poems and writings. The shocking legend was generally utilized and was an aristocrat of thriving and status. By and large, the character had some ethical shortcoming or irregularity which in the long run prompted their enthusiastic or physical destruction. A few instances of these are Macbeth and his desire, Romeo and his feelings and Othello and his envy. Another show that was reliably utilized was a character that was answerable for reestablishing or keeping up request even with troublesome or anarchic conduct (Prince Escalus and Theseus) and a figure that spoke to such confusion and unsettling influence (Mercutio, Tybalt, Bottom and Pluck). Outside impacts, for example, destiny and powerful were likewise included, and the destruction of an honest is obvious are a few of his plays, including Mercutios, Banquos and Desdemonas passing. A philosophical angle is likewise every now and again utilized, including issues and topics such close to home personality, the significance of adoration in human presence and the intensity of language to help or frustrate correspondence. The depiction of contention using explicit language is recognizable in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. The utilization of absolute opposite and ironic expressions communicates and misrepresents strife through its utilization of immediate or precise restrictions and conflicting expressions. The complexity among light and dull is a reliable visual theme and is utilized to give a tactile difference and a proposal of restricted other options. A case of such light and dim symbolism is clear in act 3 scene 5, when ousted Romeo stays with Juliet and imagines that it is still night and the gentility is the obscurity: More light and light, progressively dim and dim our hardships. The resistance of destiny and choice and the certainty of foreordained activity are likewise tended to a few times in the play to make an idea that penetrates and impacts the crowds view of the occasions. The initial scene in Romeo and Juliet states that the couple are star crossed sweethearts and that a force vested in the development of the stars commands their movement. The characters familiarity with the presence of destiny can be deciphered through the characters consistent dreams and signs. Upon the updates on the passing of Juliet, Romeo shouts: at that point I resist you, stars! what's more, fortifies the idea that the adoration among Romeo and Juliet is contrary to the pronouncements of predetermination. It would then be able to be commented on that the fight between the group of Montague and Capulet, Friar Lawrences intend to rejoin the couple and the deplorable planning of Romeos self destruction and Juliets arousing were signs that drew out the unavoidable result of the d arlings demise. Subject Of Love In Romeo And Juliet EssayThe clashes that Mercutio oversees all through the play incorporate savage clash, outrage and the significance of manly respect. Shakespeares change of scene differentiates and differentiating types of physical and enthusiastic clash is obvious all through the play and claims to the crowd through the instigation of animated and energized reactions. In act 1 scene 1, there is an awakening physical clash between the Montague and Capulet family unit which intentionally draws in the crowds consideration and gives foundation data on the family competition. The initial scene of the play sets up a lion's share of the significant subjects and presents the significance of manly respect in Verona, where a man must shield his regard at whatever point it is violated verbally or genuinely against. This idea of manly respect exists in all the divisions of the social progressive system and acts a chief reason for the physical and rough clash in the play. The foundation of contention between the two families and affections for one another is legitimately drawn closer in this scene and promptly make a cultural clash for Romeo and Juliet. After the sovereign shows up and founds capital punishment for any one who upsets the harmony again in the boulevards of Verona, the stakes for letting private enthusiasm overpower open temperance ascends to another level and results in the expulsion of Romeo. The Princes cautioning likewise initiates a superior comprehension of the seriousness of the contention and gives the crowd with an acknowledgment of the familial clash among Romeo and Juliet. In the principal scene of act 3, there is a development to battling and lethal viciousness that outcomes in the passing of Mercutio and Tybalt and an accentuation of manly world wherein ideas of respect, pride and status are inclined to eject in an anger of contention. The peril of the plays social condition is a sensational device that is consolidates by Shakespeare produce a sentiment that increasingly defenseless to savagery and confusion. Romeo acknowledges the duties upon him by the social organizations of respect and family obligation through his utilization of the term womanly, which is applied by the open universe of respect upon those things it doesn't regard. The appearance of the Prince brings about the expulsion of Romeo to save the open tranquility of Verona. The Prince reluctantly foils the adoration for the couple, and the relationship of Romeo and Juliet places Romeo at risk for rough retaliation from both Juliets family and the state. In act 3 scene 5, the topic of language versus reality happens again as Juliet claims that the warbler is genuinely the songbird and that the day has not yet occurred for. In the encounter with her folks after Romeos takeoff, Juliet ousts the male centric force structure natural in Renaissance families. The contention against the familial intensity of the dad is one of the basic challenges for Juliet. The resistance of her dad communicates her development increased through her relationship and sexual involvement in Rome. Her refusal to wed Paris gives understanding on her restricted powers and turns into an essential explanation of the resulting disaster. In the last demonstration, the passings of Romeo and Juliet happen in a succession of intensifying stages. All through the play, Shakespeare has held up the chance of self destruction as an intrinsic part of serious and emotional love and thinks about this self-destructive motivation as a component as much piece of it as the sentimental elation. The twofold self destruction in the play speaks to the satisfaction of adoration and the reckless motivation that has flooded and flexed underneath their affection. Juliet attempts to execute herself with a kiss: a demonstration of affection proposed as viciousness. At the point when this comes up short, she wounds herself with an upbeat blade, cheerful in light of the fact that it reunites her with her affection. This outcomes in viciousness being the last deed of significant love.

buy custom The Work of an Information Technology essay

purchase custom The Work of an Information Technology article Crafted by an Information Technology proficient spotlights on the utilization of innovation in building up an association with data administrations. The work involves organizing, establishment of reinforcement or recuperation frameworks, space arrangement, and equipment establishment. Work with regards to an It proficient in a college involves giving foundation administrations to the organization. A portion of these administrations incorporate task the board, connecting clients to IT administrations and procedure improvement, for example, an Information Technology Infrastructure Library. The fundamental point of an IT proficient in such an establishment is to guarantee that sound framework connects the associations specialized and administration structure along these lines; give a favorable situation to learning. Its effect work can be found in the improvement of viability of administration conveyance to understudies and staff, a significant aspect in hierarchical turn of events (Mar ilu, Kathleen Keith 2006). The result of the work led by IT experts involves investing amounts of energy on all individuals from the association to move in the direction of improving hierarchical activities. This will empower the association to serve its understudies and staff while satisfying its strategic vision. These tasks must be accomplished if the data innovation frameworks are all around introduced and worked. Data security is the one of the key difficulties confronting IT experts. Each individual is utilizing the web to misuse openings and rsources that accompany it. Be that as it may, there are additionally individuals and associations who have as of now spelt fate for the IT calling. Programmers utilize a similar web to assault and cut down data frameworks having a place with different associations. Previously, organizations depended on IT proficient in overseeing PC, data, and system security. The expanding danger to the frameworks has constrained organizations to recruit data security work force to help in dealing with all security issues. The other test is that IT specialists need to experience further preparing than before. They must be prepared in designing security and activities the board among other complex issues that encompass data touchy associations. IT specialists must be educated in the novel advancements utilized in web based business. Most associations grasp these new advancements without realizing that even the programmers are creating novel methods of hacking. New frameworks are of key enthusiasm to programmers since most associations are not familiar with their activities. It is fundamental to take note of that, an IT proficient needs to think ahead, conceptualize any possible danger like extortion, and moderate it. Online business segment contains Business-to-Business endeavors and Business-to-Customer. The issue of system security is a major issue to the IT experts. Trojans, worms and infections can be sent through steady messages, spam, and messages that may seem, by all accounts, to be of no damage to numerous individuals and associations. IT experts have numerous open doors in the Information Technology segment. One can prepare as an IT data master and his work will be to recognize any danger to the data frameworks of an association. IT experts can likewise utilize their abilities to construct frameworks that are programmer confirmation and offer to a few associations. On a similar line, they can exploit the information in their field and use it to build up online business exercises that will gain them salary. In reality advancement, for example, in Kansas University, IT experts have set up a data frameworks that empowers the college to accomplish its objectives. Data administrations conveyance has been exceptionally viable particularly with the set up of a data framework library that is being used by the two understudies and staff. The structure of data administrations at the college empowers understudies to get to administrations, consequently the making of an authoritative learning framework. The difficulties at the University include defending the data frameworks from programmers (Sambamurthy, Brown, 1999). The systems have additionally to be ensured since hacking may harm the entire system. The open doors include functioning as a data security master to alleviate the dangers presented by programmers. As I would like to think, the IT field is brimming with numerous open doors for understudies who mean to contemplate this field. One can fill in as a data security master, plan frameworks that are programmer confirmation or start an online business endeavor. Purchase custom The Work of an Information Technology article

23 Mental Health Apps for Stress, Anxiety, and More

23 Mental Health Apps for Stress, Anxiety, and More July 17, 2019 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living In This Article Table of Contents Expand Best for Meditation Best for Stress Best for Mindfulness Best for Depression Best For Anxiety Best for Productivity/Habits While most mental health practitioners probably wouldnt advise people spend more time with their smartphones, there are some apps that can turn screen time into time well-spent. These apps provide tools for people looking to improve their lives. Some are designed to help those struggling with issues like depression, anxiety, or PTSD, while others are based on positive psychology and aim to increase focus, happiness, and calm through mindfulness and meditation. If you are struggling with your mental health, it is important to first seek help from a doctor, psychologist, or mental health practitioner. These apps are not meant to be a substitute for face-to-face care. But, they could be a great supplement to therapy, or a super-convenient strategy for someone looking to start new, healthier habits. Here, find some of the best apps in the mental health space. Best for Meditation Headspace Headspace is a great and simple app for both beginning meditators looking to learn as well as more advanced meditators who want to deepen their practice. It offers meditation series that address various topics, like anxiety, stress, sleep, and physical exercise. It has a wide array of features including “sleepcasts,” which are unique, soothing audio experiences to help you drift off, 2-3-minute mini meditations to help you quickly achieve a mental shift, “SOS” meditations designed to help you during moments of intense stress or emotion, and educational animations to clearly explain and demonstrate mindfulness and meditation topics. Cost: $12.99 per month or $94.99 for a yearDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android Insight Timer More than six million people use the free meditation app Insight Timer. It offers courses on how to meditate, a fan-favorite meditation timer (for those who prefer unguided meditations), and more than 15,000 guided meditations (including for sleep) with renowned teachers like Tara Brach, Jack Kornfield, Thich Nhat Hanh, and Kristin Neff. It will also track your progress and streaks with neat charts. What type of meditation works best for you is incredibly personal, and this app is great for people who are still figuring out what sorts of meditations they prefer and the types of voices and guides that are most beneficial to them.   Cost: Free or $9.99 per month for premium subscriptionDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android Smiling Mind Smiling Mind was the brainchild of two mindfulness and meditation enthusiasts in Australia. They set out to make mindfulness and meditation accessible to everyone, whatever their budget, and wherever they might be. All you need is 10 minutes a day.  This app offers guided meditations for adults and kids, for use at home, at school, and even at work. Cost: FreeDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android INSCAPE INSCAPE has a brick and mortar meditation studio in New York City, but regardless of where you are in the world, with its app, you can focus on the areas in your life that you’re most looking to improve. Depending on whether you’d like to de-stress, sleep better, boost your confidence, or be more efficient at work, INSCAPE will suggest a practice that will be most beneficial to your goals. Sessions include breathing exercises, guided positive visualizations, meditations, and more. Cost: $12.99 per month/$58.99 per yearDownload  here for AppleComing soon  here for Android Best for Stress Stop, Breathe, Think This app was created by the folks at the nonprofit Tools For Peace, which teaches mindfulness and meditation to inner-city teens. Developed for adults, teens, and kids, it is perfect when for when you’re overwhelmed by intense emotions like anxiety, stress, sadness, or anger. When you notice intense feelings arise, you can turn to the app, and it guides you through the practice of stopping, calming your mind and body through breathing, observing your thoughts, and then participating in a short meditation. Cost: $9.99 per month/$59.88 per yearDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android Calm An Apple Best of 2018 award winner, Calms offerings run the gamut from Master Classes (on things like creativity and holistic health) and guided videos on stretching, to sleep stories (think soothing bedtime stories for grownups) and meditation series that address specific areas in life, like anxiety, focus, self-esteem, and self-care. There are meditations for college students and meditations and sleep stories for kids as well. Each day, there is a new “Daily Calm” meditation with a different theme, and you can track the number of days and minutes you meditate. Cost: $12.99 per month/$69.99 per yearDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android Aura This app pairs your current mental state with the best meditation or relaxation strategies to help you reduce stress and anxiety as well as increase happiness. Aura offers guided meditations, relaxing nature sounds, short stories to redirect your worrying mind, tranquil music, a place to note things you’re grateful for, and more. Cost: Free or Premium Membership for $11.99/month or $59.99/yearDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android PTSD Coach Created by the Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD and the U.S. Department of Defense National Center for Telehealth and Technology, PTSD Coach is designed to assist people who suffer fromâ€"or who may suffer fromâ€"post-traumatic stress disorder. It offers a self-assessment to help determine whether you may be suffering from PTSD, resources on how to reach out and get professional care, and tools to help manage the stresses of day-to-life. There are relaxation exercises and activities to help with anger management as well as positive self-talk. Cost: FreeDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android Best for Mindfulness Happier Happier was created to be a “personal mindfulness coach,” and to help you observe and regulate your emotions throughout the day, while maximizing joy, peace, and happiness. It offers inspirational quotes, meditation exercises, a place to record things for which you’re grateful, courses on happiness and well-being, and an opportunity to communicate with likeminded people who are also using the app. Cost: Free, with in-app purchasesDownload  here for AppleThis app is not yet available for Android The Mindfulness App The aim of The Mindfulness App is to make the practice of mindfulness accessible to everyone. Research has shown that many of the benefits of mindfulness and meditation happen with a consistent practice, but many people struggle to remember or make time each day. This app offers gentle reminders throughout the day, guided meditations for both experienced and novice meditators (as well as those in between), and timers for those who prefer silent meditation. Cost: Free, or $9.99/month and $59.99/year for premium membershipDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android 10% Happier: Meditation This app, which claims to be “for fidgety skeptics,” was created by Dan Harris, a broadcast journalist and the author of the book,  10% Happier. The app aims to demystify meditation and offers simple hacks to help aspiring meditators follow through. There are how-to videos, guided sessions geared towards topics like anxiety and political stress, advice for how to maintain a regular meditation practice as well as how to apply the lessons learned in mindfulness throughout your day. Cost: Free or premium membership for $9.99/month and $99.99/yearDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android Buddhify Instead of taking time out of your day to meditate, Buddhify aims to seamlessly weave meditation into your life wherever you areâ€"both physically and emotionally. All of the meditations offered, which range from just four minutes up to 30 minutes, are categorized so that you can find the perfect one for the moment you’re in. There are sessions that are great for walking or taking a break from work, others for when you may be feeling intense anxiety, and more still for when you are trying to go to sleep. There are also meditations that can be done with other peopleâ€"like friends, family, or coworkersâ€"and you can also send meditations to people who you think might benefit from one, even if they don’t have the app. Cost: $4.99, with optional membership at $29.99Download  here for AppleDownload  here for Android Best for Depression Happify Designed to help you “overcome stress and negative thoughts,” and “build resilience,” Happify helps you to identify patterns, become conscious of your thoughts and feelings, and begin to steer your mind and behaviors towards happiness. Based on positive psychology research, mindfulness, and cognitive behavioral therapy, Happify offers fun and interesting exercises, activities, and games that help train your mind and get you practicing patterns that generate positive feelings. Cost: Free, Happify Plus Membership is $14.99/month or $139.99/yearDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android What’s Up? This app, which is based on the principles of cognitive behavioral therapy, was created to help people struggling with depression. It can also help those who are dealing with anxiety, stress, anger, and other issues, as it helps to identify thought patterns that lead to negative feelings and offers up alternate ways of thinking during tough times. It offers features like relaxing breathing techniques, a journal to keep track of thoughts and moods, guided exercises to help you feel grounded, and other inspirational materials. Cost: Free, but offers in-app purchasesDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android Pacifica Based on mindfulness meditation and cognitive behavioral therapy, this app is designed to help people dealing with depression, anxiety, and stress. Pacifica helps users to identify thought and behavior patterns that lead to negative feelings and then helps you to reframe those thoughts and change behaviors to help you live a life closer to the one you want. Through the app, you can track your moods, do breathing exercises and meditations, set daily challenges and long-term goals, connect with Pacifica’s peer support community, explore different self-help strategies, and track your progress. Cost: $8.99/month or $53.99/year  Download  here for AppleDownload  here for Android MoodTools MoodTools offers the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to help you determine if you are suffering from depression, and then track the severity of your symptoms over time. It offers activities to boost your mood, helpful videos (like TED talks and meditations), a place to record and keep track of your moods and feelings, as well as a feature that helps you develop a wellness and safety plan for times of crisis. Cost: Free, Pro-Mode Membership is $4.99/month or $29.99/yearDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android Best For Anxiety Breathe2Relax Breathe2Relax teaches diaphragmatic breathing or “belly breathing,” a technique that encourages full oxygen exchange and has been shown to lower the heart rate, lower blood pressure, and help relieve stress. This type of breathing can help people who are experiencing panic, anxiety, PTSD, or anger. The app features videos, reading materials, and ways for users to track their progress. Cost: FreeDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android Panic Relief Panic Relief is designed to help in the midst of high anxiety or a panic attack. Through short cartoons, the app guides you through the sensations that accompany panic and helps you to stay calm during an attack. The app offers various resources to help you to understand what is happening in your body during a panic attack as well as activitiesâ€"like breathing and relaxation exercises, as well as positive visualizationâ€"to help you to soothe and calm yourself, and in some cases, stave off some symptoms. Cost: FreeDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android Brain.fm Depending on what type of mental state you are looking to achieve, Brain.fm uses auditory neuroscience to tailor a playlist of AI-generated tunes to help you get there. Whether you are looking to focus, fall asleep, meditate, or relax, the makers of this app say you will achieve the results you want within 15 minutes. Cost: $6.99 for 1 month, $15.99 for 3 months, $49.99 for 1 yearDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android Best for Productivity/Habits Fabulous: Motivate Me Rated one of the best self-care apps by Apple in 2018, this app educates, motivates, and inspires you to achieve the goals you’ve set while tracking your progress. Through research on how to break unhealthy habits and establish healthier ones, this app claims to be able to help you reset your patterns and routines in 19 days. From struggling to pop out of bed in the morning to managing stress, focus, and establishing productive routines, this app is ready to help you ditch what’s not serving you and do more of what is. Cost: $9.99/month, $95.99/yearDownload  here for AppleDownload  here for Android HabitBull Whether you’re trying to break a caffeine habit or are trying to establish new, healthy patterns like exercising or meditating, HabitBull will help you track it. Once you are able to clearly see the patterns in your life, it will be easier to address them head on. With inspiring quotes, charts of your progress, reminder notifications, and easy-to-see streaks, this app helps hold you accountable to the goals you’ve set while motivating you to achieve them. Cost: Free, premium access for $4.99Download  here for AppleDownload  here for Android Productive Productive is a clear, simple app that helps you to set goals and routines and track your progress. It offers users help in breaking negative habits and forming new, healthier habits. Users can specify what time of day they want to partake in a particular activity, for how long, and how often, and the app shows users their successful streaks, sends them motivating reminders, and charts their growth. Cost: Free, but offers in-app purchases and upgradesDownload  here for AppleThis app is currently unavailable on Android Streaks This visually striking app won an Apple design award in 2016. With a clear and bold interface, Streaks helps you track the consecutive daysâ€"or streaksâ€"on which you successfully don’t engage in negative habits and do follow through with new, positive behaviors. Streaks monitors your progress and motivates you to continue on to reach your goals. Cost: $4.99Download  Here for AppleThis app is currently unavailable on Android

Counseling Services For A Counselor - 1565 Words

Individual Assignment 1. There are times a counselor might need to decline to provide counseling services to some clients/students who request them. a) In what circumstances might this be appropriate and ethical and how should that process be handled by the counselor? b) When would it be unethical for a counselor to decline to provide services? Support each response with a minimum of 3 relevant ACA and/or ASCA codes and the textbook. a) There are several times that a counselor might need to decline to provide counseling services. If a counselor is not competent in a specific area, has determined distance counseling is ineffective, and/or has been engaged in a previous sexual or romantic relationship with an individual counselors should not engage in, or continue, counseling services. Counselors also should not enter into counseling relationships with friends or family. ACA A.11.a Competence Within Termination and Referral If counselors lack the competence to be of professional assistance to clients, they avoid entering or continuing counseling relationships. Counselors are knowledgeable about culturally and clinically appropriate referral resources and suggest these alternatives. If clients decline the suggested referrals, counselors discontinue the relationship. ACA H.4.d. Effectiveness of Services When distance counseling services are deemed ineffective by the counselor or client, counselors consider delivering services face-to-face. If the counselor is not able toShow MoreRelatedCounseling993 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction to Counseling Written Assignment # 1 I. What is professional counseling? Discuss the most recent trends in counseling. Professional counseling is a service provided voluntary and confidential with the focus on the developmental, situational problems of individuals of all ages and culture. 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Poverty and the Prevalence of Heart Disease - 2109 Words

Poverty and the Prevalence of Heart Disease Throughout the history of the United States, two things have always afflicted this great nation: inequality and disease. They have always had an effect on each other, as diseases have affected those from lower classes differently from those from upper classes. In our modern U.S. society, we face a specific disease, heart disease, which is now the leading cause of death in the United States and is part of a complex system of social problems (Center for Disease Control). The main social problem is the higher prevalence of heart disease among the poor than the non-poor. This social problem has lead me to the following research question: in the United States, how is poverty associated with the prevalence of heart disease? To answer this question I will define heart disease, why it is an issue needing our attention, and whom it specifically affects. 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To combat this the government has invested heavily in technology and set a flat tax rate to bring companies and business

Evolution in Biology Free Essays

The evolution of life on Earth has resulted in many hundreds of thousands of species. Genetic evidence reveals that humans share a common ancestor with life forms as different from us as bacteria and corn plants. In early 1800s, the source of Earth’s remarkable diversity of life forms was hotly disputed. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolution in Biology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many people believed that all species had come into existence at the same time in the distant past. In 1831 Charles Darwin sailed to South America, and during the long Atlantic crossing Darwin studied geology and collected marine life. During tops along the coast and at various islands, he observed other species of organisms in environments ranging from sandy shores to high mountains. Darwin’s melding of his observations of the natural world with the ideas of others led him to propose that evolution could occur by way of a process called natural selection. The history of life on Earth spans nearly 4 billion years. It is a story of how species originated, survived or went extinct, and stayed put or spread into new environments. Microevolution is the name for cumulative genetic changes that may give rise to new species, Macroevolution is the name for the large-scale patterns, rends, and rates of change among groups of species. An individual fish, flower, or person does not evolve. Evolution occurs only when there is change in the genetic makeup of whole populations of organisms. In biology, a population is a group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area. In theory, the members of a population have inherited the same number and kinds of genes. These genes make up the population’s gene pool. Mutation is harmful when it alters a trait such that an affected individual cannot survive or reproduce as well as other individuals. For example, for us humans, small cuts are common. By contrast, a beneficial trait improves some aspect of an individual’s functioning in the environment and so improves chances of surviving and reproducing. A neutral trait, such as attached earlobes in humans, doesn’t help nor hurt survival. Darwin formulated his theory of evolution by natural selection by correlating his understanding of inheritance with certain features of populations. In 1859 he published his ideas in a classic book, On the Origin of Species. We can express the main pints of Darwin’s insight as follows: 1. The individuals ofa population vary in their body form, functioning, and behavior. 2. Many variations can be passed from generation to generation. 3. In every set of circumstances, some versions ofa trait are more advantageous than others. 4. Natural selection is the difference in survival and reproduction that we observe in individuals who have different version of a trait. 5. A population is evolving when some forms of a trait are becoming more or less common relative to the other forms. 6. Over time, shifts in the makeup of gene pools have been responsible for the amazing diversity of life forms on Earth. Natural selection is not the only process that can adjust the relative numbers of different alleles in a gene pool. This kind of gene pool tweaking is called genetic drift. The makeup of a gene pool also can change as individuals migrate into or out of a populations genetically similar. For humans and other sexually reproducing organism, a species is a genetic unit consisting of one or more populations of organism that usually closely resembles each other physically and physiologically. This buildup of genetic differences between isolated populations is called divergence. When the genetic differences are so great that members of the two populations can’t interbreed, speciation has occurred: the populations have become separate species. How to cite Evolution in Biology, Papers

Program Planning and Evaluation

Table of Contents Introduction Program Description Needs Assessment and Rationale Program Goals and Objectives Program Implementation Program Evaluation References Introduction Program planning is an indispensable responsibility of field workers. Program planners not only plan but also implement, monitor and evaluate the impact of their programs.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Program Planning and Evaluation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Waterston, (1965), program development is viewed as an ongoing process that consist of a study of the situation, thinking about long range and immediate objectives and choosing learning experiences that would be constructive as far as the target audience is concerned. On his part, Kettner, Moroney and Martin (2008) viewed program planning as the process of constructing various actions to shed light to community development. Blair (1998) does not divert fro m the views of Kettner, Moroney and Martin since he defines program planning as a set or a number of related events that portray some needed actions aimed at achieving certain objectives over a specified time. In his view, objectives show what are to be attained. The same objectives can be revised as new knowledge is generated. Knepper (2010)argues that there are a number of factors that must be considered when designing a program. Firstly, the planner must work with the lay advisory committee. Again, the program planner should explore and describe the general situation of communities being planned for. Other factors include identification of problem areas and their prioritization, stating of objectives, preparation of a program document including work plans and finally monitoring and evaluation of the program. From the above information, it is evident that a good program requires careful planning whereby the planner should set goals and objectives, evaluate the effectiveness of the program, implement its tenets and monitor the implementation process. Program planning is not an easy task hence it is imperative for a project planner to come up with various techniques that would help him or her counter the challenges associated with implementation. In this paper, the planner would wish to introduce an online help center where clients could acquire information pertaining to community services.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Program Description With the emerging technologies the world, Skype has turned out to be a new phenomenon in the cyber world. In fact, it is almost a necessity, just like the email address. In this proposal, the planner intends to use the tool in relaying information to the locals as regards to health, especially mental health. The planner would set up the Skype center so that people with mental problems can easily seek for advises . The service is very efficient since it permits the planner to communicate with the locals without any difficulty. It has an advantage over the local phones since it transmits both analog and digital information without any interruptions. For this reason, the planner will have to register an account with the service provider in order to make calls with other registered users. For this case, community members would be encouraged to open accounts with the service provider for easier communication (Glauser, 2011). The service has one more advantage, which is related to the cost. It is relatively cheap as compared to other means of communication. This would suit the wishes of the planner since this program suffers from funding. The terms of payment for Skype service is friendly to the user since an individual goes for the one that best suits him or her. Community members would be comfortable reporting their health problems without necessary using many resources. The transportation cost s would be reduces since the community members use money to seek advisory services regarding their health. However, the planner would need initial capital to put up structures that would house employees. Communication equipments would also be installed. Needs Assessment and Rationale There are two concepts that are central in the process of planning. These include planning and projects. In the preparatory phase of any project, the planner aspires to establish various stages that are critical in the project planning. Each stage has its own importance. Stage one entails a decision to adopt planning. The planner needs to establish this in advance before proceeding to fulfill any other task.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Program Planning and Evaluation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The subsequent stage is the organization for planning stage. This stage is only arrived at after the planner has adopted the pro gram. In the second stage, the planner would consider coming up with a program that would suit the demands of the audience, which is provision of information regarding health and mental awareness information. For this to happen, the planner establishes the work force and determines how much resources are available to accomplish the task. For the Skype program, the planner would need adequate resources for financing website formation and advertising the same site through the social media such as yahoo and twitter. The third stage in need assessment and rationale would be setting goals, objectives and targets. The performance of the program is measured in terms of its ability to achieve goals and objectives that are set for it. Goals are abstract and specify what planning should ideally achieve in the medium and long term. Based on the Skype program, goals would be both short-term and long-term. On the other side, objectives are more precise implying that they are operational statemen ts that represent specific steps necessary in attaining chosen goals. They are different from goals since they are specifically achieved in a shorter period. Progress toward their attainment can be measured and evaluated. Targets are least specific since they are clear statements about what should be achieved over a given time period. It should be noted that in advance that goals, objectives and targets change, especially in the medium to long-term. As implementation, monitoring and evaluation go on; they generate new lessons that help in changing these stages in the planning cycle. At the third stage, the planner needs to assess various variables that may affect project implementation. Each goal and objective should be rationalized, implying that a sensible reason should be given for its existence (Celotta, Sobol, 1983). The fourth assessment need entails data collection and analysis. This implies that in project planning and evaluation, collection and analysis of data is vital ow ing to the fact that planning is a decision-making process and decisions are made based on certain information.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the Skype program, the planner needs to establish how much information is available and how much is needed to kick-start the program. Conyers (1982) distinguishes data from information in project planning and evaluation. Data in this case refers to factual information to be collected from health respondents while information would refer to data that is useful in decision-making. Information is very important in project planning because of three main reasons. One is that it helps in showing development needs and problems. Again, the planner would identify and evaluate alternative courses of action as regards to health problems affecting the community. Finally, information provides feedback about the impact of those courses of actions during and after implementation. Since some data is required before any significant planning starts, data collection is one of the first steps in planning and implementation of the program. The type of data collected should show the relationship betwe en different factors in the planning and implementation process. This is because planning seeks to ensure changes in a given situation. For this case, the health conditions of people would be improved since adequate information would be provided. Furthermore, identifying the sorts of data needed and that are able to provide information required for planning is another key stage. The planner should assess the type and amount of data required in designing the program. In this community, many planning decisions are made without adequate information owing to high costs of data collection and scarce resources. Due to this problem, the planner should decide on the data required, analyze the same data and apply it in planning. Subsequently, a number of methods are used in data collection. Unlike agricultural planning that utilizes natural research surveys, this Skype program would use social surveys. This means that the researcher would aspire to conduct a detailed survey as regards to soc io-economic statuses of individuals in the community. Due to limited resources, the researcher would utilize sampling method where a small population is used to represent the views of the entire community (Hassan, Kamarudin, Ahmad, Baki, 2009). The fifth assessment task would be related to project appraisal, what is popularly termed as Ex-ante. In this section, it further elucidated that one task of the planner is to facilitate identification of alternative courses of action. This implies identification of various alternative ways of working toward the chosen project goal. Once the ways or means have been identified, they have to be appraised or assessed. This calls for identification of advantages of different courses of actions. Economists carry out the appraisal by calculating the financial costs and benefits of different options. The main technique used is cost-benefit analysis. Other appraises include environmental impact assessment (EIA) and social impact assessment (SIA). Th ese techniques would also be applied in assessing the effectiveness of the Skype program in providing relevant information to the community regarding health and mental fitness. Project appraisal aims at obtaining critical information that can be utilized by the decision maker to decide which course of action to embrace (Barreto, 2004). A term trade-offs id frequently used, which means choosing between different alternatives that is, arriving at a compromise where a certain option is dropped in favor of another one that would increase the chances of achieving project goals and objectives. An appraisal aims at proving information on a number of important implications of planning. It concerns itself with factors such as the nature and amount of resources to be deployed, the nature and scale of effects produced, where the effects occur and who is affected, and finally the relationship between resources deployed and effects produced. Social impact appraisal is commonly utilized in sociol ogy to determine the effects of a program to the lives of people. Social impact assessment is not focused on attaching money values to costs and benefits. Friedman and Schrieber (2008) suggests that Social Impact assessment deals with four major categories, including demographic (population, labor, displacement and relocation of persons), social economic (income changes and employment patterns), institutional (demands on local and administrative services), and psychological/community factors (social networks, integration and cohesion). Conyers and Hills emphasize the before and after studies of social impact of development projects. They argue that social impact appraisal should seek to achieve certain goals and achievements. The SIA should attempt to predict the likely positive and negative social effects of a project and consider them in the planning process. The SIA should also examine the social cultural conditions in the project area and identify those to be considered in the p lanning process in order to maximize social benefits. Finally, the scholars commented that the SIA should identify what kind of social services and facilities are to be included in the project design in order to meet social requirements of people and minimize social disruption that often occurs in such projects. Cochrane noted that project managers should bear in mind cultural factors and consider them in project design. He outlined various factors, which should be considered in such SIA. These factors include identification of social groups, patterns of social organizations, belief system, wealth forms and patterns of mobility. Program Goals and Objectives To understand program goals and objectives, the planner utilizes a logical framework. A logical framework is a tool used in preparation of a project document or proposal. Conyers (1982) observes that a logical framework refers to as a concept that describes the main aspects of a project, otherwise referred to as program goals and objectives. The tool summarizes key features of a project and provides a planner with a visual and comprehensive view of the project. It can also be seen as a tool that is used in the design of a project and provides a basis for its monitoring and evaluation. There are two major advantages of a logical framework. One of them is that it provides a vision of what the project seeks to achieve that is, it visualizes various aspects of the project and what it seeks to achieve. Furthermore, it provides a basis for the project’s monitoring, evaluation, review and impact assessment. The components of the logical framework include goals, purposes, outputs, activities, verifiable indicators and means of verification. Furthermore, the tool may consist of risks and assumptions. A goal is a high-level objective meaning that it is broad and is achievable in the end. It may be termed the mission or main objective of the project (Olsen, 2004). The purpose is what the project seeks to achiev e meaning the accomplishments, also known as the main aims or specific objectives. The purpose of shows why the project is being undertaken. It describes the impact that is desired or what is to be changed because of delivering project outputs. Purposes are usually outside the control of the project planner. In other words, they are responsible for producing a set of results. Various activities in the logical framework are shown in the format below. Title: Introduction of Skype program in Cochise County Arizona Lifespan: Two years Phasing: Implementation will start in one location at the beginning of the First Year and be expanded to three locations in the Second Year. Three hundred households will be covered in the First Year and 900 in the Second Year Type of Project: Community-based seeking to empower local people to prevent metal illnesses. Logical Framework Matrix Narrative Summary Verifiable Indicators Means of Verification Risks/assumptions Goal: Increase people’s awareness of mental diseases and their readiness to take preventive measures and seek curative services Purpose: Expose people to sources of information about metal diseases and their prevention, as well as their curative services Local people sensitized Awareness increased Prevention measures taken Visits to health facilities by mental patients increased Project reports Direct observation of preventive measures Records at health facilities Project funded Project supported by authorities Outputs: Project site selected Indigenous control measures identified Number of HHs carrying out preventive measures increased Number of mental patients visiting health facilities increased Mental health awareness seminars and meetings held Mental health tests Direct observation of the geographic location of the project Preparation of the list of indigenous practices Identification of the number of persons carrying out preventive practices Health center statistics of mental cases Project reports Households will be willing to participate in the project Activities: Reconnaissance visits Baseline survey Training workshops, meetings and tours Questionnaire Checklists Seminars, meetings and tours Project reports Adequate funds will be available Program Implementation Implementation refers to the whole process of translating broad policy goals and objectives into visible results in the form of specific actions. It refers to what happens after the actions required to achieve specific objectives have been identified and affected. Conyers and Hill refer to implementation as the process of converting resources such as materials, technology, and funds into goods and services, which support behavioral change in the beneficiary groups. Planners role in this process is that of mobilizing, organizing and managing the resources needed to undertake the actions specified in the plans. According to Secret, Abell and Berlin (2011), the planner must perform t he following activities. One of them is to know what to do, ensure availability of required resources, have the ability to assemble, control and manage these resources to achieve what is desired and finally be able to communicate to others involved in the implementation. Overall, effective implementation is very demanding since many things can go wrong. A work plan is a tool utilized by planners in the implementation process. The work plan is a simple tool that provides answers regarding what is to be done, where will the project take place, when would the planner kick start the project, and how the project will be implemented. Pennig (2006) views it as an annual document that outlines the activities to be conducted with people in order to accomplish the objectives of a program. What is clear is that the work plan must be related to the objectives of the project. In other words, it is a guide for daily actions. In the introduction of the Skype program for callers to obtain help onli ne, the planner would identify what is to be done and who would be responsible in order to implement the program successfully. A decision is to be made about which projects are to be programmed including calling rates. For a successful implementation, the planner would have to consult community members charged with delivering services to the people. This is because there are no adequate resources for project implementation. During implementation, the planner would encourage participants to speak their minds freely, contribute their experiences and raise objectives where necessary, without fear. Since the program is complex and very expensive, the planner would encourage community members to think about the forthcoming implementation process carefully. The planner would encourage callers to think about resources needed in the implementation, how the program would be implemented, the timing of the program, possible bottlenecks and credibility of the program (Langlois, Hallam, 2010). In a number of cases, quantifiable targets are to be discussed, agreed upon and written down. Completion indicators such as events and outputs showing the operations are entered in the right hand column of the work plan chart. The work plan chart is shown below. Activities (what) Time frame (When) Persons Responsible (Who) Completion Indicators/outputs Proposal Writing 2-3 weeks The project coordinator Generation of objectives Data collection 1-8 weeks Field assistants Critical data Data Evaluation 1-2 weeks Project planner Critical information for decision making Assenting the program 1-2 weeks Relevant authorities Commencement The planner utilizes a Gant chart to show how activities will be fulfilled. A Gant chart shows input of time, money and other resources. The required time to perform various activities in each area of work is estimated. Interrelationships with other areas of work are discussed and coordination would be agreed upon. Each activity is then schedul ed by being drawn to a scale on the chart as a bar. The chart reveals periods when different staff have agreed to be working on various activities of the project. The Gant chart for the Skype program is shown below. Gant Chart (Weeks) Program Evaluation Just as a planner has to anticipate implementation process and plan for it before actual implementation starts, he or she has to anticipate for monitoring and evaluation, as well as plan for them before actual implementation. Monitoring and evaluation need to be in-built in the implementation process. As the Skype program is being implemented, it is necessary to monitor its progress and to ensure that activities are being carried out according to the plan. Monitoring is usually done continuously (Helitzer, Sanders, Roybal, Deusen, 2010). It is important to consider the type of monitoring and how it would be carried out. In addition to monitoring the Skype program, the planner is also to carry put a detailed evaluation of the progra m. This is done after completion of the program or at specific points in the implementation process. Evaluation calls for collection of additional data, which are related to the project. Evaluation helps the planner to identify new problems or issues, which should become the focus of planning in future. Generally, monitoring and evaluation are means of measuring past successes and failures, as well as providing information needed to improve future planning activities (Knepper, 2010). In the Skype program, evaluation would involve periodic review of the project inputs, activities and outputs. In this case, the resources used in putting up the online call center, the activities undertaken such as delegating duties and the achievements such as improved standards of living would be measured. References Barreto, R. (2004). Diversity Perspectives for Social Work Practice. Journal of Sociology Social Welfare, 31(3), 190-191. Blair, R. (1998). Strategic Planning for Economic Development: A Suggested Model for Program Evaluation. Public Administration Quarterly, 22(3), 331-348. Celotta, B., Sobol, B. (1983). Needs Assessment: Reconciliation of Children, Parent and Teacher Views. Journal of Education, 83(104), 176-179. Conyers, D (1982). An Introduction to Social Planning in the Third World. New York: Wiley. Friedman, L., Schrieber, L. (2008). Healthy Families America State Systems Development, Journal of Prevention Intervention in the Community, 34(1), 67-87. Glauser, W. (2011).The Skype solution. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(12), 98. Hassan, A., Kamarudin, N., Ahmad, J., Baki, R. (2009). The solution of Social Problems from the Perspective of Philosophy of Education. The International Journal of the Humanities, 7(2), 27-34. Helitzer, D., Sanders, M., Roybal, S., Deusen, I. (2010). Evaluation for Community Based Programs: The integration of Logic Models and Factor Analysis. Evaluation and Program Planning, 33(2), 223-233. Kettner, P., Moroney, R., Ma rtin, L. (2008). Designing and managing programs: an effectiveness-based approach (3rd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications. Knepper, H. (2010). Review of â€Å"Designing and Managing Programs: An Effectiveness-Based Approach†. Administration of Social Work, 34(1), 107-108. Langlois, M., Hallam, J. (2010). Integrating Multiple Health Behavior Theories Into Program Planning: The PER Worksheet. Health Promotion Practice, 11(2), 282-288. Olsen, D. (2004). Transition to Adulthood: The Important Role of the Pediatrician. Pediatrics, 113(3), 159-162. Pennig, S. (2006). HPM: A model to relate costs, benefits, and strategic impact of human resource programs. Performance Improvement Journal, 11(6), 17-22. Secret, M., Abell, M., Berlin, T. (2011). The Promise and Challenge of Practice-Research Collaborations: Guiding Principles and Strategies for Initiating, Designing, and Implementing Program Evaluation Research. Academic Journal, 56(1), 9-20. Waterston, A. (1965). Development Pl anning: Lessons of Experience. Baltimore: John Hopkins Press. 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